Articles
Deep dives, mechanism breakdowns, and side-by-side comparisons — each one cited to the published research so you can check the work yourself.
What Is a Certificate of Analysis (COA)? How to Read One
A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is a lab document reporting a product batch's purity and identity. Learn what a peptide COA contains, how to read HPLC and mass-spec results, and how to verify one.
HPLC vs. Mass Spectrometry: What Peptide Purity Testing Means
HPLC measures how pure a peptide sample is; mass spectrometry confirms its identity. Learn why research peptides are tested with both, and what a 99%+ purity result actually tells you.
How to Reconstitute Research Peptides: A Laboratory Guide
How to reconstitute lyophilized research peptides with bacteriostatic water — the step-by-step lab method, how to calculate concentration, and storage best practices. For research use only.
Bacteriostatic vs. Sterile Water: What's the Difference?
Bacteriostatic water contains a preservative that inhibits bacterial growth, making it suitable for multi-use research vials; sterile water has no preservative and is single-use. Here's how they differ.
SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Peptide: A Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptide
A research overview of SS-31 (elamipretide) — a mitochondria-targeted, cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide studied for its effects on mitochondrial energetics and oxidative stress — covering background, mechanism, published studies, and storage. For laboratory research use only.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) Research Peptide: Mechanism, Melanocortin Pharmacology & Handling
A research overview of PT-141 (bremelanotide) — a cyclic melanocortin MC3R/MC4R agonist — covering its mechanism, structural biology, the published research record, and laboratory storage. For research use only.
Tirzepatide (LY3298176): GIP/GLP-1 Dual Agonist Research
A research overview of tirzepatide, the GIP/GLP-1 dual-receptor agonist behind Mounjaro and Zepbound — its mechanism, the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trial data, and handling.
Survodutide (BI 456906): Glucagon/GLP-1 Dual Agonist
A research overview of survodutide, a glucagon/GLP-1 dual-receptor agonist studied in obesity and MASH — its mechanism, the phase 2 trial data, and laboratory handling.
Retatrutide (LY3437943): The Triple Agonist Explained
A research overview of retatrutide, a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple-receptor agonist — how it works, what the phase 2 obesity, diabetes, and liver-fat trials showed, and how it's handled.
Mazdutide (IBI362): GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist Research
A research overview of mazdutide, an oxyntomodulin-based GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist studied mainly in China — its mechanism, the phase 2 and GLORY-2 trial data, and handling.
Cagrilintide (AM833): Amylin Analog Research Overview
A research overview of cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analog studied alone and with semaglutide (CagriSema) — its mechanism, the phase 2 and REDEFINE trial data, and handling.
Selank Peptide Research: Anxiolytic and Cognitive Effects
A research overview of Selank, a synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide studied for anxiolytic and cognitive effects — its background, mechanism, research areas, and handling.
Semax Peptide Research: Cognition, Neuroprotection & Handling
A research overview of Semax, a synthetic ACTH(4-10)-based peptide studied for cognition, neuroprotection, and cerebral blood flow — its background, mechanism, and handling.
Epithalon Peptide Research: Telomeres, Cellular Aging & Handling
A research overview of Epithalon (Epitalon), a synthetic tetrapeptide studied for telomerase activity and cellular aging — its background, mechanism, and lab handling.
CJC-1295 Research Peptide: Mechanism, Half-Life & Study Data
A research overview of CJC-1295 — how the GHRH analog extends growth hormone release, what published studies found, and how to store and handle it in the lab.
Tesamorelin Research Peptide: Mechanism, Research & Handling
A research overview of Tesamorelin — a stabilized GHRH analog studied in the GH/IGF-1 axis — covering background, mechanism, the research landscape, and storage.
NAD+ Research: Mechanisms, Study Areas & Lab Handling
A research overview of NAD+ — the coenzyme's role in metabolism and signaling, the main research areas, and how to store and reconstitute it. For research use only.
Ipamorelin Research Peptide: A Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue
A research overview of ipamorelin — a selective GHSR1a agonist studied for growth hormone release — covering its background, mechanism, published studies, and storage.
GHK-Cu Copper Peptide: Research Background, Mechanism & Handling
A research overview of GHK-Cu, a copper-bound tripeptide studied in tissue-repair and extracellular-matrix models — its background, mechanism, research areas, and handling.
CJC-1295 (No DAC) Research Peptide: Background, Mechanism & Research
A research overview of CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) — background, mechanism of action, the research landscape, and lab storage. For research use only.
Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-500) Research Peptide: Mechanism & Handling
A research overview of TB-500, a Thymosin Beta-4 fragment studied in tissue-repair, wound-healing, and angiogenesis models — its mechanism, the research, and storage.
BPC-157 Research Peptide: Background, Mechanisms & Study Findings
An overview of BPC-157 for laboratory researchers — where it came from, how it's thought to work, what published studies report, and how to store it.
MOTS-c Research Peptide: Mechanism, Study Areas & Handling
A research overview of MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied in metabolic and mitochondrial research — its background, mechanism, research areas, and handling.