Articles
Deep dives, mechanism breakdowns, and side-by-side comparisons — each one cited to the published research so you can check the work yourself.
FDA Sends Interim Peptide Compounding Policy to White House Review
HHS and FDA sent an 'Interim Access Policy for Compounding Using Certain Peptides' to OMB on Oct 14, 2026. What was filed, what's known, and what isn't yet.
AOD9604 (hGH Fragment 176-191): The Monash Research Timeline, Study by Study
A study-by-study history of AOD9604, the modified hGH 177-191 fragment from Monash University: what each experiment found, its limits, and FDA's current position. Research use only.
What Is a COA? Certificate of Analysis Meaning & How to Read One
COA meaning: a Certificate of Analysis is a batch-specific lab report of test results. See what a COA must list, how COA testing works, and how to read one step by step.
Melanotan II: How a 1989 Lab Design Spawned Two FDA Drugs, and Why It Never Became One
The research history of Melanotan II: its 1989 cyclic-lactam design, MC1R mechanism, its relatives afamelanotide and bremelanotide, and what FDA and case reports record. Research use only.
HPLC vs. Mass Spectrometry: What Peptide Purity Testing Means
HPLC measures how pure a peptide sample is; mass spectrometry confirms its identity. Learn why research peptides are tested with both, and what a 99%+ purity result actually tells you.
How to Reconstitute Research Peptides: A Laboratory Guide
How to reconstitute lyophilized research peptides with bacteriostatic water — the step-by-step lab method, how to calculate concentration, and storage best practices. For research use only.
Bacteriostatic vs. Sterile Water: What's the Difference?
Bacteriostatic water contains a preservative that inhibits bacterial growth, making it suitable for multi-use research vials; sterile water has no preservative and is single-use. Here's how they differ.
SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Peptide: A Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptide
A research overview of SS-31 (elamipretide) — a mitochondria-targeted, cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide studied for its effects on mitochondrial energetics and oxidative stress — covering background, mechanism, published studies, and storage. For laboratory research use only.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide): From Tanning-Peptide Metabolite to FDA-Approved Drug, a Research History
How PT-141 (bremelanotide) went from a Melanotan II offshoot to an FDA-approved drug, what its label says about receptor selectivity, and what the structural and in-vitro literature shows. Research use only.
Tirzepatide (LY3298176): Inside the GIP-Based Dual Agonist, From Molecule to FDA Record
An independent look at tirzepatide's chemistry, its imbalanced and biased receptor pharmacology, the 2022 cryo-EM structures, and its FDA approval and shortage record. Research use only.
Survodutide (BI 456906): Glucagon/GLP-1 Dual Agonist
A research overview of survodutide, a glucagon/GLP-1 dual-receptor agonist studied in obesity and MASH — its mechanism, the phase 2 trial data, and laboratory handling.
Retatrutide (LY3437943): The Triple Agonist Explained
A research overview of retatrutide, a GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple-receptor agonist — how it works, what the phase 2 obesity, diabetes, and liver-fat trials showed, and how it's handled.
Mazdutide (IBI362): GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist Research
A research overview of mazdutide, an oxyntomodulin-based GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist studied mainly in China — its mechanism, the phase 2 and GLORY-2 trial data, and handling.
Cagrilintide (AM833): Amylin Analog Research Overview
A research overview of cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analog studied alone and with semaglutide (CagriSema) — its mechanism, the phase 2 and REDEFINE trial data, and handling.
Selank Peptide Research: Anxiolytic and Cognitive Effects
A research overview of Selank, a synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide studied for anxiolytic and cognitive effects — its background, mechanism, research areas, and handling.
Semax Peptide Research: Cognition, Neuroprotection & Handling
A research overview of Semax, a synthetic ACTH(4-10)-based peptide studied for cognition, neuroprotection, and cerebral blood flow — its background, mechanism, and handling.
Epithalon Peptide Research: Telomeres, Cellular Aging & Handling
A research overview of Epithalon (Epitalon), a synthetic tetrapeptide studied for telomerase activity and cellular aging — its background, mechanism, and lab handling.
CJC-1295 Research Peptide: Mechanism, Half-Life & Study Data
A research overview of CJC-1295 — how the GHRH analog extends growth hormone release, what published studies found, and how to store and handle it in the lab.
Tesamorelin Research Peptide: Mechanism, Research & Handling
A research overview of Tesamorelin — a stabilized GHRH analog studied in the GH/IGF-1 axis — covering background, mechanism, the research landscape, and storage.
NAD+ Research: Mechanisms, Study Areas & Lab Handling
A research overview of NAD+ — the coenzyme's role in metabolism and signaling, the main research areas, and how to store and reconstitute it. For research use only.
Ipamorelin Research Peptide: A Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue
A research overview of ipamorelin — a selective GHSR1a agonist studied for growth hormone release — covering its background, mechanism, published studies, and storage.
GHK-Cu Copper Peptide: From a 1973 Plasma Discovery to Copper Chemistry and Matrix Research
How GHK-Cu was discovered, how the tripeptide binds copper, where the GHK sequence comes from, what fibroblast and wound-chamber studies measured, and the FDA compounding status. Research use only.
CJC-1295 (No DAC) Research Peptide: Background, Mechanism & Research
A research overview of CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) — background, mechanism of action, the research landscape, and lab storage. For research use only.
Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-500) Research Peptide: Mechanism & Handling
A research overview of TB-500, a Thymosin Beta-4 fragment studied in tissue-repair, wound-healing, and angiogenesis models — its mechanism, the research, and storage.
BPC-157 Under Review: What the FDA's 2026 Evaluation and the Published Studies Show
An evidence audit of BPC-157: its sequence and salt forms, the cell and animal studies behind its reputation, the thin human record, and the FDA's 2026 compounding review. Research use only.
MOTS-c Research Peptide: Mechanism, Study Areas & Handling
A research overview of MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied in metabolic and mitochondrial research — its background, mechanism, research areas, and handling.